ࡱ> OQN] bjbjzqzq 72/\/\ tt44D1xxxxxxSSS"1$1$1$1$1$1$1$35zH1SSSSSH1xx]1iiiS"xx"1iS"1iin.R0x u&/1s101>/K6K60R0K6R0SSiSSSSSH1H1'BSSS1SSSSK6SSSSSSSSSt> : Guidelines for Determining USDA Pain/Distress Levels USDA Category BUSDA Category CUSDA Category DUSDA Category EBreeding or Holding Colony ProtocolsNo more than momentary or slight pain or distress and no need of pain-relieving drugs.Pain or distress appropriately relieved with anesthetics, analgesics and/or tranquilizer drugs or other methods for relieving pain or distress.Pain or distress or potential pain or distress that is not relieved with anesthetics, analgesics and/or tranquilizer drugs or other methods for relieving pain or distress.ExamplesExamplesExamplesHolding or weighing of animals in teaching or research activities. Injections, blood collection or catheter placement (without cut-down) via superficial vessels. Tattooing animals. Ear punching of rodents. Toe clipping in pups before 14 days of age Tail clipping before 21 days of age in mice. Fin clipping for genotyping in fish. Routine physical examinations. Observation of animal behavior. Feeding studies, which do not result in clinical health problems AVMA approved humane euthanasia procedures Tissue collection after euthanasia Positive reward projects. Physical restraint with appropriate acclimation Induced seizures Decapitation and cervical dislocation in rodents without anesthesia but proper training of personnel Anesthesia for immobilization onlyDiagnostic procedures, e.g. Laparoscopy or needle biopsies. Non-survival surgical procedures. Survival surgical procedures and post-operative pain alleviated. Ocular blood collection in mice. Terminal cardiac blood collection under anesthesia. Exposure of blood vessels for catheter implantation. Exsanguination under anesthesia. Antibody production (polyclonal) with appropriate anesthesia and post-op/post-procedure analgesia when necessary. Tumor studies with solid tumors which are localized, non-invasive, and metastases do not occur before euthanasia of the animal or early stages without affecting animals Food or water regulation used to shape behavioral responses Toxicological, microbiological, or infectious disease research that requires continuation until moderate clinical signs are evident but death is not the endpointDeath as an endpoint Toxicological or microbiological testing or cancer research that requires continuation until death occurs. Ocular or skin irritancy testing. Application of noxious stimuli such as electrical shock if the animal cannot avoid/escape the stimuli and/or it is severe enough to cause injury or more than momentary pain or distress. Any potentially painful/distressful procedures for which needed analgesics, tranquilizers, anxiolytics, sedatives, or anesthetics must be withheld for justifiable study purposes. Exposure to abnormal or extreme environmental conditions, which induce pain/distress. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis Chemically induced or infectious colitis Hypoxic and hyperoxic (>24 hours) environment CFA, formalin or carrageenan injected in foot pads (only allowed for pain studies not antibody studies) Tumor studies with known early ulceration, invasiveness and/or occurrence of metastases, esp. when a variety of sites affected (e.g. lymphoma cell line injected and metastases may occur in brain, spinal cord, thymus, spleen, other internal organs) Induced pancreatitis Parkinsons models Huntingtons models Asthma models with respiratory distress Drug addiction models including withdrawal period (Note: there is no USDA Category A.) 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